The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Free Essays

Globalization is such a normally utilized term in the twentiethcentury. It just implies that the world has become coordinated monetarily, socially, strategically and socially through the advances of innovation, transportation and correspondence. It is obvious to state that globalization has brought about both positive and negative impacts which must be tended to in like manner. We will compose a custom article test on The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now In any case, globalization has added to the universes economies from various perspectives. The advances in science and innovation have permitted organizations to handily traverse regional limit lines. Thusly, organizations will in general become increasingly gainful, serious accordingly raising nature of merchandise, administrations and the universes expectation for everyday comforts. Besides, a few organizations from the more evolved nations have just dared to set up remote activities or branches to exploit the minimal effort of work in the less fortunate nations. This sort of business action will give more flood of money or speculation assets into the less evolved nations. Be that as it may, one can't deny the negative impacts which havederived from globalization. One critical social viewpoint is the hazard and peril of plague sicknesses which can without much of a stretch be spread as the mode transportation is simpler and quicker in todays advance society. This is confirm in the ongoing flying creatures influenza sickness which has tainted most Asian nations over a brief timeframe outline. As huge enterprises contribute or take over many seaward organizations, a cutting edge type of colonization will likewise advance which may represent certain force pressure on the nearby legislatures of the less evolved nations. Joblessness rates in the more evolved districts like Europe may likewise heighten as partnerships decide to re-appropriate less expensive work power from Asian nations. Taking everything into account. I like to repeat that globalization is inescapable and we should encourage people, organizations and governments to utilize an increasingly adjusted methodology by finding a way to manage matters identifying with the money related or prudent additions refrains the social, political or biological worries of the world. The most effective method to refer to The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization, Essay models

Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid Position Paper Essay

Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid Position Paper - Essay Example Mrs. John separated herself from Annie and Annie additionally got insubordinate. The book closes when Annie leaves for England. She likewise abandons her stressed relationship with her mom. This exposition follows the progressive corruption of their relationship. The episodes picked for conversation are on Annie's craving to play with the storage compartment, her heedlessness in laying the quilt, her doing things any other way from her mom, her fantasy, the ridiculing, the physical development that estranges Annie from her folks and her last splitting from her family. Annie began encountering the fracture in her relationship when her mom removed herself from Annie. During her initial years, Annie had a reliant relationship with her mom. They did numerous things together and partook in getting to know each other. For instance, they used to appreciate taking a gander at the keepsakes in their trunk which included garments that Annie wore from her infanthood. When Annie turned twelve years of age, her development made her mom stop doing this. At the point when she proposed to her mom to glance through the storage compartment, Mrs. John answered in the negative. Annie composed that; 'An individual I didn't perceive replied in a voice I didn't perceive, In no way, shape or form! You and I don't possess energy for that any longer.' (Kincaid 27). Mrs. John's refusal changed Annie's cozy relationship with her mom stopped in light of the fact that she felt stunned, disillusioned and hurt when she said that 'the ground wash free from me.......' (Kincaid 27) . Mrs. John chose to wean Annie off from her so she selected Annie to learn new things like habits and piano exercises. The portrayal indicated that Mrs. John was furious, embarrassed and disturbed when Annie was defiant to her educators' guidelines. Mrs. John regularly communicated her dissatisfaction with Annie by turning down her mouth. She likewise said that Annie would need to live in her own home and pick her own particular manners. She needed Annie to be set up for this to occur later on. The mother and girl relationship had moved from its old agreeable ways. Annie didn't have the security of living with her mom always since Mrs. John disclosed to her that she expected Annie to grow up and move away. Annie understood this as well and this stressed her cozy relationship with mother. Annie's cozy relationship with her mom was obliged in light of the fact that she arrived at development. She could comprehend her mom's objection or hatred and in this manner purposely maintained a strategic distance from her. For instance, when Annie had laid her cover in an unbalanced manner that didn't put the weaving in the focal point of her bed. The blossom had a mind boggling structure that needed to involve a focal position when spread level out on the bed. Mrs. John made a complain about this and censured Annie for being indiscreet. Annie concurred with her and was quiet since she could have felt distanced and segregated from her mom for disappointing her. She kept out of her mom's approach to keep away from further showdown. (Kincaid 30). Annie's developing development made her focus on freedom in her relationship with her mom. She figured she could accomplish that by being unique in relation to her mom or defiant with her mom. Annie strived to estrange her by doing things that she was unable to endure. (Kincaid 87). Annie and her mom had become deceivers and had

New Release MindMeister 2.1 for Android - Focus

New Release MindMeister 2.1 for Android - Focus Please note: this article was last updated in 2013. For the latest information on MindMeister for Android, please visit mindmeister.com/apps. Weve been hard at work over the past few months to bring you new and improved mobile apps for MindMeister. Last month we released the new iOS app 5.0 and now weve got some great news for all you Android users; our developers have been working on the new Android 2.1 app, and it’s available today. Download MindMeister 2.1 for Android Whats New? In this update we took the opportunity to build an all-round, faster, more reliable and superior mind mapping app with more options for creating mind maps the way you want them. Version 2.1 comes with new features, enhancements and bug fixes including: Floating nodes Support for inline images Improved map drawing Fixes for crashes and other issues It is available for download today from the Google Play Store. You can follow the link to download it now, or if you have version 2.1 installed it will be automatically updated. Help Us Improve! Were especially delighted with this new release as many of the fixes and changes are a result of your feedback. Its very important for us to know what you guys like and dislike, so please leave a quick comment below with any feedback you may have, good or bad!

All Quiet on the Western Front - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2637 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: All Quiet On The Western Front Essay Did you like this example? Rachel Areche, â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† by Erich Maria Remarque Author Erich Maria Remarque wrote the novel â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† depicting a true war story. In which the main purpose of the book is to highlighting the events and how it impacts the people involved. Contrasting from other books that dealt with the war showing the victories and the bright side. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "All Quiet on the Western Front" essay for you Create order Most book out try to show how the villains lose and how the victims are then free but in war it’s everyone for the,selves until the war is then over. Unlike typical wars in this book the soldiers are not hired they themselves enlisted in the war. The protagonist, Paul states that his mates and himself do not see it as a duty more like a hobby, not forced. Not to say that war is just a hobby to them they do have to face with the reality and hardships that also come with it. Others that didn’t do the same are shamed by society for not being as brave as these boys and going on their own free will. Although they must face struggles there is still the pride of showing off how they did so good; as shown in the following citation, â€Å" We had fancied our task would be different, only to find we were to be trained for heroism as though we were circus ponies.† To begin, there is a difference in tone all thought the text. For example it states at first, â€Å" He plays mostly folk songs and the others hum with him†¦ the sound of the violin stands like a slender girl above it and is clear and alone.† (29) It’s strange how Paul’s tone could stay positive after all he is going through in the war. Another instance of tone would be when in â€Å" All Quiet on the Western Front† states, â€Å" The life that has borne me through these years is still in my hands and my eyes†¦ seeks its own way out, heedless of the will that is written me.† (100) Paul knows what are his desires and he won’t settle for less, and speaks his tires and little to no words. The book also includes a symbolism and imagery. In this novel it shows how a river can have a deeper meaning when Paul and his friends use it as a division between themselves and the real world that lays outside of the War. Just like a river might divided a nation or people in this book it seems like that same water leads to something much beyond it. Water also plays an important role later on in the book because Earth is made up of water and for times like War it’s really useful. The novel starts with focused on the characters outermost experience, painting a picture to the readers of the harsh reality of war. Shortly, moving on to the Paul’s internal experience, breaking down into his emotional individual and how his mind is filled with confusion and blank space. Comparing to what he once was before the war, the only way to manage now is by pulling apart his feelings and for using on the task that lays ahead. Paul’s emotions is only one point of view thought, one must remember that their are other men who might feel the same or even more like Paul and it’s sad to say that those emotions are not talked about. This demonstrates how the problems being faced are lessening the fact of humankind. Another example of this is when the doctor simply doesn’t want to help another soldier due to how much tragic body’s he has seen already. The pain that is shown for the doctor mentally and physically for the soldier, Kemmerich. The author is then opening the idea that war doesn’t only affect soldiers but others that have to surround themselves with this idea. The mind and thought process that is risky for the ones involved as though they aren’t in danger enough. His death is then looked upon due to the fact that with or without one men the war must go on and the soldiers are trained to not have emotions when something that this occurs. In the text it states, â€Å" Under the skin the life no longer pulses, it has already pressed out to the boundaries of the body. Death is working through from within.it already has command†¦ yet it is not he any longer.† (72) Paul is not unfamiliar from the death so he knows that his friend is slow but surely dy ing. Sadism is a when a person or thing gets pleasure off of causing someone pain or seeing one else suffer. This comes into play when Kat’s talks about the cruel ranking of the military and its effect on the soldiers. War just isn’t harmful when it comes to shooting and getting hurt on the battlefield. But the people that surround you and the ones who are in fact indirect enemies. In â€Å"All Quiet in the Western Front† it states, â€Å" Returning to the barracks he had to go along a dark, uninhabited road. There we waited for him behind piles of stones†¦ door flew open and he bawled.† (66) Showing how sometimes the pressure and stress from bully’s can drive soldiers to do crazy and things they they wouldn’t want to in the end. In general there is always someone is is higher than the other person when it comes to everything. Typically no one sees it as a big deal until it’s too late and something ends up back fighting. One of the most memorable scenes of the novel was the men’s ride. It’s like actually watching a movie when the intense part is about to come up and you can just see it happening but the ones in the movie can’t.The way the bomb attacks are described in great detail and how it so close to home having to see this transpired. In the text it states,â€Å"We have to go on wiring fatigue. The motor lorries roll up. We climb in.† This may seem like a simple sentence but the way the author uses â€Å"have to† shows the seriousness of the situation. Even more intensity comes to part when the book states, â€Å"The engines drone, the lorries bump and rattle†.(12)The words used in the text are to add the feeling as though you can touch the book and you are intensely inside the war. An odd conclusion is drawn by Paul referring to the soldier’s connection with the planet. To them it’s all they have, it’s like family that they don’t have with them at the moment. A comparison to animals is made and how they depend on the earth for food and other supplies. He goes in dept to say that this war isn’t fought for patriotism, even though he volunteered but to survive. Going back to how his feelings of a human change to the feelings of an animal. At the same time animal still have emotions, so yes the soldier are compared to animals but in reality it’s worse than animals because these are humans who before these weren’t shown these. The idea of how men like Paul, younger men didn’t get much out of live . Entering war right after school and how they must not have anything besides the war to depend on, as to comparing someone who is much older and has for example a home, wife and children. The writer shows within the men that there isn’t a world outside of war, that the war might never end. As the soldier try to envisioned there life before the war they still somehow find a way to talk about war. Then thinking about the future is just giving them false hope and they can only for us on not dying and just trying to make it another day. Paul and his mates make a point when discussing the idea that war makes men who are low life’s want power and dominate people. Bring the third impact of war on a soldier, it makes people have to watch out for themselves even if you are in a team. Creating this bully and nerd type of environment which isn’t healthy ; making it another challenge soldier need to face with during the war. For example this novel is a normal war story, just like the movie a Full Metal Jacket. Where at some point one soldier has had enough of his commanding officer pushing him around so much that he needed up killing him. War is now explained into more detail the real meaning on what these soldiers were actually trying to do. They wanted the enemies to get weaker so that maybe the war would just end. It’s like the emotions the soldiers carry, they fight but in the end they want it to end although they must not show that. In the novel it states, â€Å" we want to live at any price; so we can not burden ourselves with feelings which, though they might be ornamented enough in peace time, would be out of place here.† (60) The soldier had to stop all the imagination due to the fact that they needed to have their mind focus on no getting killed. Not only that but when things like war occur soldiers tend to have flashbacks and periods where everything stops. It’s surreal but in combat it’s very known for trying to cope and reflect on the scene ahead. Instead of focusing on the fact that they kill people for a living. They just overlook it as part of the job, they don’t mean to kill the enemies because of the simple fact that they aren’t on the same side. But indeed because that’s how they find ways to let go of all the emotions and anger that built from the war. It’s like an exercise relief to the soldier to kill people, no strings attached and they use humans as a punching bag. Soldiers try not to discuss their experience out loud it would bring many harsh reality. To people in the war talking to ones who aren’t physically there is worth nothing. Due to the fact that it’s just a you have to be there moment for you to understand the harsh reality that one must go through. Also the fact that they are built to not have emotions unlike others that aren’t and must hear stories like this. Like trying to explain a war story to so,eon who isn’t there is proven very difficult. It not adding more details basically lies it would not get the people to really understand what is it that you are going through and that’s not what soldier want. They want to be able to show the truth of what’s going on in their minds. Paul’s emotions are shown when a Russian prisoner tries to communicate with him. Showing how even though soldier aren’t supposed to show emotions it still happens anyways. Paul understand that what he is doing is â€Å"wrong† because higher ups tell him that but to him he finds it pointless. That still doesn’t take away the fact that he has a mission and must stand for that mission even if he believes otherwise. Paul is overall seen as lovable guy that’s feelings are just too much to bare with and calms that he must keep punching through. At war things like such can put a soldier in a tuff spot like at some point those emotions blockage that were once put up. The writer doesn’t fail to add the fact that the war has made Paul a whole different person. For example the part when he goes to the hospital showing his young life. He tries to be a child when he plays a prank on the nun which is a bit different from usually scene in the book. Paul also believes that the hospital is like a book for people that want to know about what war is and how it’s like to be in one. It seems like Paul innocence is being taken from him and now he must depend on the war to show him how he must live the rest of his life. As Paul is talking about death one sees how religion takes apart in this story. He knows that he doesn’t have faith in the future but the one thing that he must have faith on is god. To the point where he asked for protection and hope that maybe just maybe he will probably make it through. Sometimes people at worst possible situations try to religion in order to have some type of hope it really common in modern times as well. As well as hanging on to artifacts, in the text it states, â€Å" on the right side of the meadow a large cannon latine has been built, a well planned and durable construction†¦ for two hours we have been without getting up.† (47) They will always hold on to their mobile toilets because it might seem like nothing but to them it’s a representation of home. As the book goes on it’s seems to become overload with sharp irony. It seems like the soldier are coming to their final limit. Paul in fact makes a comparison to the war as a disease. It feels as though they are in jail serving a life time sentence. They themselves are coming to a realization that they are more like objects then humans. Although they kinda see the possible ending to this all but their still is the fate that they might get killed no matter what. At some point one must see when is it time to request change. Although this whole book the wordsmith portrays the soldiers as people who just fight. In the end it seems like it was for nothing, kinda taking back the readers that Paul and the others didn’t die when flinging but during the final moments of the war. When Paul dies he is symbolized as the lostgeneration, because he is the last one out of all the other classmates. Thus, representing the el image of a whole generation. Finishing off the book was a mysterious person unlike the rest which was typically Paul. The writer haves off the idea as to who is the most significant person in the text which brings emotion to the reader. gives us no insight as to who this impromptu narrator is or at what point in time this reflection upon the story occurs, which helps to render the story timeless. Not to mention the odd fact that the day in which Paul died was so relaxing and payed back. That when one can see the title meaning, the fact that the German army has calmed that day â€Å"All quiet on the western Front†. Another thing that the last few paragraph demonstrate is the fact that the end of the War has brought much peace. In the end the reader is thrown off by this sudden death and how it could all just vanished. Thus, the book shows a clear meaning of how the war ends and how it gets to even the best of us. Going back to how this book started and how could these young boys have to die for something that they didn’t wanted or the question that we all ask why did it have to happen to them.

Top Personal Accomplishment Essay Samples Tips!

Top Personal Accomplishment Essay Samples Tips! We also added a game aspect that truly encouraged people to remain involved and finish the full program. The second paragraph opens with a sentence that appears to indicate the student might be a little conceited. For instance, one story about a prosperous project could be utilized to demonstrate leadership, problem solving, or capacity to manage conflict. That part shouldn't be an issue. While it is necessary to concentrate on learning a trade, it is every bit as important to have people skills. At length, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. My teaching structure should be clear and understandable. Try to remember, the more you're able to tailor these examples to reflect your own personal experiences, the better. You don't have to be worried about your personal details that could be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. There are many reasons why you must prefer our services. Anyway, you'll certainly like our price policy. The business has used this training way of the past few years, and substantial sales growth was recorded since its inception. You are able to allow it to be a ton simpler for them by cutting to the chase and leading with your very best mater ial. Generally, you wish to provide the maximum quantity of detail in the minimum sum of space. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. Personal Accomplishment Essay Samples - the Story A personal achievement is an attribute that supplies an individual with a feeling of pride. Bear in mind you don't only want to earn a list of positive things you've done. This is the reason why it's imperative not to decide on an underwhelming example and to prepare how you tell the story to make sure that you emphasize your very best thinking and contributions. This way you've got great answers for this behavioral question and also develop a comfortable level speaking about your achievements in general (which can help you in so many different parts of the interview as well). He tried to learn what personality differences and traits resulted in entrepreneurial ability. For interviewers, asking behavioral interview questions have become the most dependable method to acquire an awareness of who the candidate is and the way they approach their work. Various things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. These personality traits distinguished them from the remainder of the crowd. Bear in mind that fantastic stories supply you with a chance to contact your interviewer. Stories are helpful to share since they have a tendency to be quite memorable and simple to comprehend. Be proactive about making certain your finest stories get told. Your life story can likewise be regarded as a good topic in writing your private essay. The author starts with a rather in depth story of an event or description of an individual or place. This provides the writer a direction about what to concentrate on. This essay has a fantastic focus. Stephen's essay is rather effective. The third round proved to be a tricky one. You might already have tons of achievements and accolades that you might not even think to list on your resume. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. Personal Accomplishment Essay Samples - Overview Both law and company schools also often need many essays of their applicants, with questions that range from details about your private background to questions asking you to compose an essay exploring a controversial matter. The term accomplishments may be more inclusive than you might imagine. The actual folks highl y praise our essay help site. You can trust the ideal essay help online. Essays, generally speaking, covers different topics. Share what you consider the topic. Although they may be tough, they are predictable, which means you can prepare and practice beforehand. Simply take a fast look here if you wish to find out more about it. The rest of The participants were obviously the very best. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. How to Choose Personal Accomplishment Essay Samples You may also become several discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. They always imagined making me administrate our family enterprise. Yes, it's a fact that they have already decided I will be joining our home-based business and take over its administration.

Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society Free Essays

Question: Do you think cultivating an equal opportunity society has helped countries such as South Africa and America to move forward? In a carefully worded essay, show why this is the case or why it is not. The equity act was implemented after apartheid in South Africa and America in order to force businesses to hire disadvantaged groups in order to amend the imbalance apartheid created in the economy. The equity act is very much needed in a country where racism led to a minority group being developed. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion the equity act has a very important role in reinstating a sense of believe in a better future. There is no point in telling a minority group they are free to do anything but then not force the majority group to allow this. The majority group could go on refusing to hire minority groups, still harbouring a racist view. You cannot expect people to instantly change their long standing views of discrimination and overnight start hiring different races and genders. It is a slow process and education, trust and forgiveness are not easily acquired. Here the equity act aims to force people to accept the change and move forward letting go of discrimination. Now in South Africa I believe the equity act has allowed our country to move away from formal apartheid and into a time where the focus on race and gender has become bigger than ever. Today when you apply for an education, bursary or job your race and gender is a major deciding factor for the recruiter or employer. By law in South Africa if you have a business that employs more than 50 people you have to comply with the regulations and rules set out in Employment Equity act, this is also known as Black Economic Empowerment(BEE) and should you not achieve the desired level of BEE status your business can be fined. The higher your BEE status the more likely you are to win government contracts ensuring higher paid jobs for your business. Because of the need for a BEE status, employers’ criteria for hiring staff have shifted from capabilities and merit to race and gender. An employer will much rather hire a staff member that will ensure the business a hire BEE status than hire a staff member that will not increase his status or even worse lead to him to being fined. Even though the latter staff member may be more qualified than the first staff member the employer will gain more funs with a less capable employee than with a highly skilled employee of the wrong race or gender. Because the employer is now forced to hire less skilled workers his more skilled workers have to work harder to make up for the employees who cannot perform the duties. This leads to feeling of hatred and discrimination among employees. Companies may also struggle to find people of a certain group that is qualified to perform a task and so leave the company under staffed and not capable of providing a service or product. This situation leads to not only a drop in quality of services and products but these businesses also receive more work as winning a contract is purely based on what race and gender works for you. Companies have moved from wanting to provide top quality services and products to wanting the correct race and gender to work for them. Your standard of work is no longer important, just what you look like. How is that a move forward from focusing on skin colour? Disadvantage groups now have more opportunities available to them now but your race, gender, family tradition and religion greatly influence your worldview and interests. For this reason many economic sectors lack the people required to meet BEE status. I interviewed a director of a security company in my home town and he had this to say about the equity act. Mr Smith runs a private security company in Cape Town and employs 150 security guards. He only has a level 2 BEE status. Mr Smith explained to me that due to the nature of the tasks required in his company, male employees are more attracted to the job. In order to comply with the employment equity act he has to hire a certain percentage of people from previously disadvantaged groups. Unfortunately these people lack the funds required to be educated as security guards. Mr Smith has to pay for these people to be educated costing his company a large amount every year and he can also only afford to educate a certain amount of people of the required race, leaving his company understaffed. For example say he has to employ 20 Indians but can only afford to educate 10 Indians. He is not allowed to hire 10 staff members from another group and thus leaving his company understaffed by 10 people. He also has problems finding females to hire as security is not viewed as a job suited for females. For this reason his BEE status is very low and he has almost no chance in acquiring large government contracts needed to grow his business not even mentioning being under staffed. If he doesn’t comply with BEE he will be fined and in order to comply with BEE he has to pay to educate the proper race. It is a vicious cycle and is created from an act looking at empowering our country. In this situation all the act is doing is decreasing job opportunities as implementing this act becomes too costly for small businesses. Trough BEE many disadvantaged groups have been receiving job positions they are not qualified for. Under skilled people are being made directors of companies purely to increase BEE status and thus increase contracts for the company. These directors often still harbour a feeling of oppression and revenge. Many disadvantaged people believe the â€Å"whites† owe them everything after apartheid and when these people are then put in power they ignore the regulation of the equity act. They want revenge for their suffering and will only favour their race or gender. Due to the lack of monitoring the implementation of the equity act, many companies are never fined for not complying with the act. There are companies playing by the rules and suffering and there are companies ignoring the rules, favouring their â€Å"own† in the job market and bribing their way to the top. We are now seeing companies with a majority of one race being born creating more hatred among groups. This goes for previously disadvantaged groups and advantaged groups. When your race and gender becomes a criterion for employment victimization will always be a factor. Before the equity act you where hired based on merit, sure disadvantaged groups didn’t even stand a chance as their access to education where restricted but being hired based on your label is fuelling blame and discrimination now more than ever. Not only is the act exaggerating the very problem it seeks to solve it is now giving people a valid criteria and reason for discrimination. People will always seek to blame and point out differences among themselves, this act just allows the differences among people to be taken more seriously. I have heard many times people say,† he was only hired because they need more black people,† or â€Å"She only won because she is a women and they need to have a female win so they can keep their government sponsorship. It is a really sad situation to be in when you no longer have to do your best to achieve success but can achieve success by purely applying to a company or university that is short on filling their BEE criteria. Not only is this a bad thing for skilled people who are losing jobs based on race but it is detrimental to skilled people being hired in suitable positions all while there, they are being frowned upon. I can definitely see the equity act as necessary in our country. It is vital for educating the majority about the minority and vice versa. It is important for empowering en providing confidence in oppressed groups. It can eliminate the stereotypes of a white man’s job or a black ladies’ job. Society can grow so much from being pushed to integrate our relationships with other groups and us as a country can rectify our differences but unfortunately this act has illuminated our differences and used it as its very criteria for success. We are moving backwards and our standard of service and quality of products are dropping. Businesses are suffering and the people who do strive for excellence are stepping back in order to favour an attitude of â€Å"the world owes me everything†. The people are not ready for such an act. Our focus on difference and our â€Å"revenge† attitudes are over shadowing our goal of working as one. I don’t expect people to forget about apartheid, its effects will still be felt for many years, but I do believe if we can realise that we all do have a chance at an equal opportunity for success, we can create an economy fuelled by one goal, a brighter future for all. Unfortunately right now we are slipping into reverse creating a world worse than before. How to cite Cultivating an Equal Opportunity Society, Papers

Security Controls For Corporate Lan Environments

Introduction A local area network refers to a connection of computers which are located close to each other. The region covered by this network may include a building, a school or even the network at home (Kyriazoglou, 2010). The concept of the local area network was developed after that of the wide area network and its main purpose initially was to ensure that the available resources are shared.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Controls For Corporate Lan Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These resources include printers and other hardware devices. As the technology evolved, the functions of the local area networks increased and included communication between different parts of the network (Roger, 2009). Techniques such as video- conferencing and media streaming were incorporated. The sending and receiving of mails was also introduced. The connection in these networks is made possible by the use of interconnecting devices. The devices used to serve this purpose are the hubs, switches and routers. Hubs are used in the network to broadcast the data to different parts of the network where the data is received by the computers at those locations. On the other hand, routers are used to send data to specific points of the network and may be used to interconnect several local area networks. The local area network suffers different types of security threats while operating. These threats may be internal or external to the network. The internal threats are those that affect the communication between different devices on the network and may affect the flow of information from one point to the other. They may include activities such as interception of data while it is being transmitted, unauthorized access or modification of data on the network from a remote point and blocking part or all the traffic flowing through the network (Bishop, 2010). On the other hand external threats ma y include activities such as vandalism or theft of the network equipment. All these activities results in the disruption in the operation of the network Therefore, control strategies have to be developed to be able to counter these effects. This is of particular importance for corporate who may have sensitive information that they may want to keep private from their competitors. The control strategies also ensure that the functions of the organization run smoothly at all times and does not suffer interruptions. The strategies may be categorized into three broad categories.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are preventive control, detective control and corrective control (Pfleeger Pfleeger, 2010). Preventive control is where the risk that the network may be subjected to is determined and structures are put in place to ensure that the threat does not happen. This may be achieved by the u se of passwords to prevent unauthorized access to the system as one of the options. Detective control on the other hand refers to a situation where the network is analyzed and the threat is identified. This control mechanism is mainly performed by the use of auditing software which detects the threats within the system (Pfleeger Pfleeger, 2010). Corrective control is where the problem in the network is identified and removed to ensure that the system runs as it was intended. The threats that may be corrected using these control strategy may include circumstances such as when the traffic has been interrupted in the network (Pfleeger Pfleeger, 2010). The cause of the interruption in this case is identified and corrective changes are made to ensure that the system runs as it was intended. These security threats may be brought about by several factors which may include the size of the network, ignorance or misunderstanding between the personnel running the network, the network complex ity or even a problem in how the network has been programmed (Bragg, Rhodes, Strassberg, 2010). The security controls that may be employed in the corporate LAN environments are discussed in the next section. Security controls This section focuses on the controls that may be employed to prevent, detect or correct the threats that may affect the corporate LAN environment. Segmentation of the network is one of the control strategies that may be employed to prevent the threats affecting the running of the entire network. This is where the network resources are not placed at one point in the network (Hruska Keith, 2011). They are distributed at different points of the network to ensure that incase there is an attack to one point of the network, its functionality will not be affected as a whole. This means that the network will still continues performing its tasks as corrective measures are being undertaken to rectify the problem at the affected part of the network. Segmentation therefo re reduces the number of threats and also limits the damage that would otherwise have been caused to the network. This technique allows multiple segments which each performing a specific task (Hruska Keith, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Controls For Corporate Lan Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The diagram below may be used to illustrate segmentation as a control strategy. The diagram clearly shows that the tasks have been divided to different parts of the network. One part deals with the networks applications while the other deals with the orders/inventory. Another control that may be used is the preventive control. This is by the use of frameworks such as network redundancy, prevention of theft and prevention of virus attacks (Stallings, 2009). The use of network redundancy is one of the control strategies that serve to help in case of network failure. This is where the netwo rk functions are performed at more than one node. For example in the figure above, the network has only one web server. Incase this server is affected then the entire network will be brought to a standstill. A better way in which the network could have been configured is using more than one server (Cook Neil, 2009). The two servers will be configured in such a way that each runs independently but is programmed to check periodically if the other server is functioning. Incase of failure of one of the servers, the other one performs the tasks that were being done by the other one. This is helpful since it will ensure that the network is online at all times. Prevention of theft can be achieved by ensuring that appropriate security measures are put in place to ensure that the employees are checked when they leave the premises to ensure that they do not leave with components that are required for the running of the network. Installation of alarm mechanisms within the network such that th e components of the network are frequently checked for their availability is also another way to curb theft. Incase the components are not attached to the nodes where they are supposed to be, an alarm sounds. This may prove helpful in ensuring that the working of the network is not compromised by theft of the network components.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Virus attacks should also be controlled. Viruses attach themselves or are attached to files and when these files are opened they spread to other documents in the computer. These attacks affect the functionality of the network by slowing it down or making changes to important information and therefore should be prevented. The use of filtering software and antivirus will prove helpful in this case (Jyoti, 2011). The emails sent through the network are first scanned for viruses before being opened to ensure that the host computer where the email attachment is being opened from is not affected by the virus. Data encryption is also another control measure that will ensure that the data is only accessed by the intended party. This means that when the data is received it will be authentic. Encryption converts the data into a format that cannot be read and interpreted unless it is decrypted by an appropriate key. Once the data is received, the recipient therefore requires an encryption key in order to be able to view the data. Encryption may be divided into link encryption and end-to-end encryption (Bishop, 2010). Link encryption is where the encryption is done at two host computers. It is done just before the information to be transmitted is placed on the transmission media. This means that the encryption is done at the layer 1 or 2 in the OSI model (Bishop, 2010). This data is transmitted in the encrypted form (plain text). The decryption is done at the receiving computer just before the computer receives the data. This means that when the computer receives the data it will already be decrypted and can therefore be interpreted. The diagram below illustrates how link encryption is performed. End-to-end encryption on the other hand is where encryption is between two applications. Theses applications may be installed in the host computers. The decryption of the data is done by software once the data has been received at the receiver end. Therefore encryption ensures c ontent integrity in the data. This is because the data cannot be altered easily without the encryption key ensuring that the data is received in the form in which it was sent. Strong authentication is another security control that may be employed. This is where security levels are developed and access to certain information on the network is limited to certain users of the network only. Authentication is however not easy to achieve in a network. This is because of the possibility of eavesdropping within the network. The authentication also needs to be done at both ends of the network where communication is taking place. The use of passwords for authentication in a network may also be problematic. This problem however may be solved by the use of a password token. This device is used to generate passwords that are used for authentication. The advantage of this system is that each user in the network is given the token. When one wants to log in to the system, the password token generat es the password for authentication and the user enters this value to the computer interface. This means that the password is different each time it is used. This technique is also referred to a one-time password use. Firewalls may also be used to do the screening of data before it is received by a network. There are two types of firewalls that can be employed. These are the static and the dynamic firewall. The static firewall may be default permit or a default deny. When under default permit, the firewall allows all traffic except that which has been blocked by the administrator while when the firewall is under default deny, it denies all the traffic except that which the administrator has configured to be allowed to pass through the firewall (Donald, 2010). This means that the firewall performs one task at a given time. The dynamic firewalls on the other hand allow the permit and deny operations to run concurrently. The firewall administrator has the task of setting the rules that determine the data and information that will be allowed to pass through the firewall and that which will be denied access to the network. The firewall therefore performs tasks such as limiting the flow of packets between networks, allowing authorization testing by giving access and also acting as a control point when the network an external connection. Proxies may also be used in the network to achieve the control of the traffic within the network. The control of traffic within any network is very important as hackers may use it as a way to affect how the network operates. For example if a hacker gets into the network, he/she may sabotage the functionality of components in the network. For the case of a printer, he/she may send a large amount of data to the printer within a short period of time. This affects the functionality of the printer as it can be able to process a particular number of instructions at one time. Another security control that can be employed is the use of honeyp ots in the network. This is a computer system that has computer devices and data (Jyoti, 2011). It is used to make the data visible to the attacker and attract hin/her. Once the attacker gains access to this data, you are able to monitor all the actions that he/she is performing. The monitoring is done carefully to ensure that the attacker does not notice that he/she is being monitored. This system does not have a firewall to enable the attacker to be able o gain access to the data. The honeypot is important as it will enable the administrator of the network to learn about new attacks that the attacker may be intending to perform. This knowledge gives the administrator an upper hand as it ensures that he/she is able to prevent such an attack before it happens to the actual system. The honey pot also ensures that the attacker is diverted from the actual system and therefore the harm that may otherwise have been subjected to the system is prevented from occurring. It therefore allows the administrator to stop the attacker while at the same time being able to protect the system. Conclusion The explanations above show that any network and in particular the corporate local area network may be subjected to different types of threats. To ensure effective and efficient running of these networks, these threat must be identified. Incase the system is already affected; measures should be put in place to eliminate the threats. Preventive mechanisms should also be employed to ensure that the system is not vulnerable to these threats. The implementation of these security controls will ensure the smooth running of the system. If the system is used to transmit sensitive data, the integrity of this data will be upheld if controls such as encryption of the information are performed. References Bishop, M. (2010). Computer Security. Boston: Pearson. Bragg, R., Rhodes, M., Strassberg, K. (2010). Network Security. New York: McGraw Hill. Cook, B., Neil, W. (2009). Computer Periphe rals. London: Edward Arnold. Donald, E. K. (2010). Art of Computer Programming. Salt Lake: Addison-Wesley. Hruska, J., Keith, J. (2011). Computer Security Reference Book. Ohio: Butterworth-Heinmann. Jyoti, S. (2011). Computer Peripherals and Interfacing. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. Kyriazoglou, J. (2010). It Strategic and Operational Controls. London: IT Governance Publishing. Pfleeger, C. P., Pfleeger, S. L. (2010). Security in Computing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. Roger, T. (2009). Schaum’s Outline of Computer Networking. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stallings, W. (2009). Network Security Essentials. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. This report on Security Controls For Corporate Lan Environments was written and submitted by user Rex Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Scarlet Letter Puritanism Vs. Romanticism And Reflection

to combat that ideal when he places Pearl above the rest of the children in intelligence, free spirit, beauty and kindness. The traits of intelligence and free spirit are a direct link the ideals of the Romantic writers of the time. Pearl could always be found in the forest, "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the ... Free Essays on The Scarlet Letter Puritanism Vs. Romanticism And Reflection Free Essays on The Scarlet Letter Puritanism Vs. Romanticism And Reflection â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† in 1850 in the highly religious area of New England. When it was written many people judged the novel solely on its story telling, whereas ignoring the loads of hidden themes that Hawthorne placed in the novel. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† by Nathaniel Hawthorne has many different themes contained in the novel, but the themes of Puritanism vs. Romanticism and the theme of reflection are the most prevalent. The Scarlet Letter is chock full of symbolism. Hawthorne uses people and objects and makes them symbolic of events and thoughts. Throughout the course of the book, Hawthorne uses Hester, Pearl, and Arthur Dimmesdale to signify and contrast both the Puritanical and Romantic philosophies. Hester Prynne, as seen by Puritanism is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan way of life, committing adultery. For this harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. However, the Roman tic philosophies of Hawthorne contrast the Puritanical beliefs. She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, but is forgiven in the eyes of most. Hawthorne portrays Hester as a someone who can do wrong with her daughter. Not only Hester, but also the physical scarlet letter, the badge of shame, is shown through the author's tone and word choice as a beautiful, gold and colorful piece attached with gold thread, thus giving the scarlet letter A a majestic tone when Hester wears it. Pearl, Hester's child, is viewed as a child of sin by the Puritans, and who should be treated ugly, evil, and shamed. Hawthorne however words to combat that ideal when he places Pearl above the rest of the children in intelligence, free spirit, beauty and kindness. The traits of intelligence and free spirit are a direct link the ideals of the Romantic writers of the time. Pearl could always be found in the forest, "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the ...

How to Make Glowing Jell-O

How to Make Glowing Jell-O Its incredibly easy to make Jell-Oâ„ ¢ or other gelatin glow under a black light. Heres how to make it happen: Glowing Jell-O Materials package of Jell-O or other gelatintonic waterblack light Make the Jell-O Follow the directions on the package, except use tonic water instead of water.For a small package, the usual directions would be to heat 1 cup of tonic water to boiling.Mix the boiling tonic water and Jell-O until the powder is completely dissolved.Stir in another cup of tonic water.Pour the liquid into a pan or bowl.Refrigerate the Jell-O until is has set.You can use cookie cutters to make shapes out of the gelatin if desired.Shine a black light on the Jell-O to make it glow. No matter what flavor/color of Jell-O you use, it will glow bright blue under the black light. This is the fluorescence of the quinine in the tonic water. Quinine also gives tonic water a distinctive bitter flavor which you will also taste in the gelatin. If you dont like the taste, you can lessen it by using half tonic water and half tap water in the recipe. Either sugar-free or regular tonic water works fine for this recipe. Some recipes call for using a low percentage of tonic water (5-10%). The glow from this gelatin will be extremely faint, especially if the dessert is colored. You need a decent amount of quinine to get a bright glow.

Health care and the internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care and the internet - Essay Example Health information seeking will also be helpful for people who cannot afford a regular doctor or insurance. One of the anticipated shifts is that health care will be accessible for everyone regardless of the status or income of the individual due to consumer health information seeking. Poor people will not be able to get information themselves through internet rather they will have to rely on hospitals and doctors. The exchange of information between hospitals will be more helpful for poor people as they can go to any hospitals and their health records will be available there. For middle or lower middle class people who have access to technology can make use of health information seeking by determining, on a basic level, their health problems and then treating it through a pharmacist. People who can afford health care insurance will be getting better quality of self service because of exchange of information between hospitals. Mutual databases of hospitals will increase the service time and also provide superior health care to all people whether rich or poor. This is how health information seeking will affect everyone. With the advent of internet, health information seeking has increased greatly. People can go online and get all the information they need. Doctors give suggestion on forums and everyone can read them. Simple diseases like influenza and viral flu can be treated through simple treatment. This is an emerging trend in consumer health information seeking. Physicians are however the most trusted source of health related information. People go to them asking for advice so they remain the most authoritative source of health information. An emerging trend in health information seeking is through pharmacist. They can also provide good health care information. People are also going for public health centers in order to get health related information. Health information

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a success Essay - 2

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a success - Essay Example gender equality and also empowering women, reduction of child mortality, reduction of maternal mortality buy at least three quarters, combating malaria, HIV and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability and finally developing a global partnership to help in development. This paper aims at analysing the extent to which the Millennium Development Goals have been successful. It will use an evidence-based approach. It will cite the successes in individual countries as well as in the world. In relation to the first target that relates to eradication of poverty and hunger, Bangladesh can be seen as having most progress. Apart from being one of the most densely populated countries in the world, its population is rapidly increasing. This has been the trend between the years of 1990 to 2010 (United Nations Millenium Campeign et al. 2010). This goal aimed at reducing the number of people earning less than $1.25 per day. In the above years, over 10.5 million citizens in the country would advance to earning more than the $1.25 stipulated in the goal. Another 12 million citizens would rise to above Bangladesh’s poverty line. (Steele et al. 2008). The country attributes this success to the millennium development goals. In Africa, there has also been a noted decline in the number of people living in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa as well as other developing regions. According to preliminary estimates, the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2010 was half of what it was in 1990. Over the same decade, the number of people living in slums reduced by 6 percent. This is evidence of the success in the first millennium development goal. (Clarke et al. 2007). The second millennium development goal involved ensuring that by the year 2015, children all over the world would be able to complete primary school. Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo has been seen to have the most success vis-Ã  -vis this goal. Tanzania has achieved a staggering 99.6 percent

DSP-OFDM Modulator Project

DSP-OFDM Modulator Project Chapter One Introduction to the DSP-OFDM Modulator Project 1.1 Introduction The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) digital communication technique has been attracting a great concern of researchers all over the world, due to its unique characteristics. The designers and engineers of mobile wireless communication systems and wireless multimedia broadband are looking forward to exploit the OFDM to be the air interface of these devices and systems. This exploitation has already been done with several systems and standards such as Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11a and Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial (DVB-T). The DSP-OFDM Modulator project studies the essential parts of the OFDM modulator and demodulator and implements the OFDM modulator and demodulator on two separate DSP boards. For the OFDM modulator, the project studies the hardware DSP implementation of the OFDM modulators different parts such as the QAM mapper and the IFFT. This applies on the OFDM demodulator too. Additionally, for the OFDM demodulator, the project studies the carrier recovery issue to recover the OFDM information signal from the carrier signal and the OFDM symbol timing recovery issue to correctly pinpoint each OFDM symbols boundaries. The Projects involves several aspects of the digital communications and the theoretical and practical DSP and uses the MATLAB and the Code Composer Studio (CCS) to analyze and simulate the designs to be practically implemented. 1.2 The Aim and the Objectives The aim of the DSP OFDM Modulator project is to implement OFDM modulator and demodulator on two separate DSP boards. The implementation is not tied to any existing OFDM standard such that used in the DVB-T or other standards. The DSP hardware implantation comprises many DSP and digital communication operations to be implemented through writing the C codes that perform these operations i.e. the QAM mapping and de-mapping, the IFFT and FFT, the digital IIR filters and the synchronization. Therefore, the implementation will be first simulated by MATLAB and the Code Composer Studio (CCS) part by part before and with the hardware implementation on the DSP boards. The CCS will be used to simulate not only the modulator and demodulator but also the subparts of the hardware implementation such as the FFT and IFFT C codes. For example, the C code that will be used to perform N-Point IFFT to a complex array containing N complex elements to produce N outputs. These N outputs or discrete values will be compared with those N outputs or discrete values obtained from performing N-Point IFFT to the same N element-complex array in MATLAB in order to check that this C code will work properly in the DSP real time implementation of the OFDM modulator. 1.3 The Research Background and Motivations The good presentation of the theoretical and practical DSP during the taught part of the course encouraged me to tackle this project, as I had not done any practical DSP before I enrolled in the MSc Wireless Communication Systems course. The good understanding of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) allows presenting the Conjugate Symmetric approach. The use of the Conjugate Symmetric distribution of the subcarrier vectors on the IFFT input points makes the IFFT produce a multicarrier signal with a real part (In-phase) (I) only in the time domain, as the imaginary part (Quadrature) (Q) is always set to zero. It is easier to modulate and demodulate the OFDM information signal with a real part only, as the quadrature modulation is no longer required. The Conjugate Symmetric proposal allows applying the FM modulation to transmit and receive the multicarrier OFDM information signal. 1.4 The Thesiss Organization The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter two is considered as a literature survey. Chapter two explains the OFDM spectrum and the principles of the OFDM modulator and demodulator. It illustrates how the OFDM information signal carries or represents the digital data bits and how the IFFT N outputs (discrete values) are actually the samples of the OFDM multicarrier information signal for the current OFDM symbol being generated. It will be shown how the OFDM symbol has longer duration than those of other digital communication modulation techniques without affecting the data rate to be more resilient with dispersive channels and many other aspects of the OFDM modulation technique. This project is not tied to any existing OFDM standard. However, it resembles these standards in terms of the general block diagrams of the OFDM systems and the use of the pilot carriers, hence the employment of the OFDM in the DVB-T and the WLAN 802.11a are described briefly in chapter two. Chapter three shows and simulates by using MATLAB the approaches and ideas that will be used for the hardware DSP implementation. It discusses the (Conjugate Symmetric) proposal that has come out of this project to facilitate the modulation and demodulation of the OFDM information signal and the use of the squared cosine method to recover the OFDM information signal from the modulated carrier signal. The use of the cyclic prefix (CP) to recover the OFDM symbol timing is also discussed in chapter three. Chapter four presents the hardware implementation of the DSP OFDM modulator and demodulator on two separate DSP boards and shows the different results of the hardware implantation on the oscilloscopes screen as well as it shows the results of the CCS simulation of the OFDM modulator and demodulator and compares the OFDM spectrum of the generated OFDM information signal generated by the Conjugate Symmetric approach with that generated from the traditional method. Chapter five is for the conclusion points that have come out of this project and the further work to be implemented in the future. The attached CD contains the real time DSP implantation CCS projects of the OFDM modulator (OFDM-TX project) and OFDM demodulator (OFDM-RX project) and the CCS simulation of the OFDM modulator and demodulator (Simulation project) as well as the MATLAB codes and an electronic copy of the thesis. Chapter Two OFDM Basics 2.1 Introduction In the digital communications, the transmitted signal over a wireless channel is more preferred, when the symbol duration is significantly greater than the delay spread (s) of this channel to avoid the intersymbol interference (ISI) due to the time dispersion of transmitted symbols. But unfortunately, the symbol duration is reversely proportional to the bit rate which means a great constraint when high data rate transmission is required over a wireless channel with a relatively high delay spread due to the multipath environment of that channel [1]. The OFDM technique produces the solution to this problem, as it divides the high rate bit stream into (N) very low rate bit streams that are transmitted simultaneously using (N) orthogonal subcarriers for every OFDM symbol. Each of these low rate bit streams modulates an individual subcarrier. Therefore, the symbol duration is increased as many as (N) times without reducing the actual bit rate. 2.2 The Spectrum of the OFDM Subcarriers Figure (2-1) y(t) (the dotted curve) is the algebraic summation of the 5 sinusoidal waves Figure (2-2) the spectrum of y(t) in the frequency domain (five stems or tones) Figure (2-3) the rectangular function with (?t) duration in the time domain Figure (2-4) the spectrom of the rectangular function in the frequency domain Figure (2-5) the spectrum of the OFDM symbol with five subcarriers Suppose y(t) is a signal consisting of the algebraic summation of five sinusoidal waves (subcarriers) in the time domain with five different frequencies (f1, f2, f3, f4 and f5) respectively figure (2-1). Suppose these subcarriers have the same frequency spacing (?f) between each adjacent subcarriers in the frequency domain. The spectrum of y (t) in the frequency domain in terms of the magnitude has five stems at f1 to f5 respectively. Each stem (single tone) represents one of these five sinusoidal waves or subcarriers figure (2-2). Now, suppose an OFDM symbol (with symbol duration = (?t)) consists of the same five sinusoidal subcarriers mentioned earlier. The spectrum of this OFDM symbol in the frequency domain does not now consist of five stems; instead the spectrum is like that one in figure (2-5). The spectrum in figure (2-5) consists of five overlapped sinc functions each of which represents an individual subcarrier. Actually, our OFDM symbol is not identical to y(t). More precisely, it is a (truncated y(t)) with truncation duration equal to the OFDM symbol duration (?t). When a signal is truncated in the time domain with equal gain over all the truncated points within the period (?t), that means mathematically multiplying this signal with a rectangular function in the time domain with a time duration equal to (?t) figure (2-3). The shape of the spectrum of rectangular function in terms of the magnitude is single sinc wave in the frequency domain cutting the horizontal axis at points equal to the integer multiples of the reciprocal of the time duration (1/?t) figure (2-4). Basically, when any two signals are multiplied in the time domain, the resultant signal of this multiplication has a spectrum in the frequency domain equal to the convolution of the spectrums of the two original signals. Therefore the spectrum in figure (2-5) represents the resultant of the convolution operation between the fiv e stems of y(t) figure (2-2) and the sinc of the rectangular function figure (2-4) in the frequency domain. Looking at figure (2-5) again, it is easy to notice that the peak of each subcarrier sinc occurs at a point where all other four sincs have magnitudes equal to zero at which. This situation is the condition of the orthogonality between the subcarriers as it ensures the least interference between the subcarriers in the frequency domain. The orthogonality between subcarriers is not achieved, unless the frequency spacing between the subcarriers (?f) is equal to the reciprocal of the OFDM symbol duration (1/(?t)) [2]. 2.3 The OFDM Modulator The OFDM Modulator uses the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Mapper and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transformer (IFFT) to simultaneously generate and modulate the subcarriers of each OFDM symbol. Figure (2-6) shows a general block diagram of the OFDM modulator. The OFDM modulator builds and transmits each OFDM symbol consisting of a number of subcarriers equal to N as follows. The QAM mapper maps the data bits to (N) QAM vectors. Each of these vectors has real and imaginary components and represents a single subcarrier. The number of data bits that are mapped to each QAM vector (subcarrier) depends on the QAM order (M) as shown in table (2-1). Using QAM mapper with higher order produces higher data rate. However, this will be at the cost of the reception quality as the constellation of higher order QAM allows higher Bit Error Rate (BER) for a given The QAM Mapper stage maps data bits to QAM vectors in accordance with the QAM constellation. The Serial to Parallel (S/P) buffers the QAM vectors of each OFDM symbol to prepare them for the IFFT operation. The IFFT stage converts the buffered QAM vectors (the subcarriers) from the frequency domain to produce an OFDM symbol sequence equivalent to the algebraic summation of these sinusoidal subcarriers in the time domain to be buffered in the next stage. Guard Interval Insertion and Parallel to Serial stages add the guard interval to each buffered OFDM symbol sequence and produces it serially to the next stage. The DSP Low Pass Filter (LPF) and The Digital to Analogue Convertor (DAC) stages are to smooth the signal and convert the digital sequence into analogue signal. The Up Conversion and The Power Amplification stages. Figure (2-6) general block diagram of the OFDM modulator. The 4-QAM constellation, which is identical to Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) constellation, gives the receiver more tolerance to the changes of the amplitude and phase of any received QAM vector and allows the receiver to de-map it to the correct 2-bit-combination, as long as it still lies in the same quadrant from which it was originated at the transmitter, whereas 16 and 64 QAM constellations give less tolerance to the change in the phase and amplitude of the received QAM vector due to the noise and interference. Not all subcarriers of an OFDM symbol are used to carry the data bits, some of which are used as pilot carriers for the synchronization and channel estimation purposes and for providing the receiver with specific information such as the order of QAM being used by the transmitter. The Serial to Parallel (S/P) stage buffers the N vectors from the QAM stage for each OFDM symbol to produce them in parallel way to IFFT stage. The number of IFFT points is always greater than the number of the subcarriers (N), so the (S/P) pads the remaining IFFT points, which have not been assigned QAM vectors, with zeroes. The IFFT stage is the heart of the OFDM modulator. It gives the QAM vectors the mathematical ability to be considered as the OFDM subcarriers in the frequency domain and converts them to the time domain to form the multi-subcarrier information signal. In other words, as all the (N) QAM vectors of each OFDM symbol are the parallel inputs of the IFFT operation, the IFFT stage considers these QAM vectors as tones or stems in the frequency domain and converts them into correspondent subcarriers in the time domain for the given OFDM symbol duration. Each QAM vector has a specific phase and amplitude which corresponds to the bit combination this vector represents in accordance with the QAM constellation. The IFFT coverts each QAM vector into a correspondent sinusoidal subcarrier in the time domain with amplitude and phase directly related to those of that vector and a frequency that is directly proportional with the sequence of IFFT point, to which the vector has been assigned. That means if a QAM vector with sequence (n) (assigned to an IFFT point with sequence n) generates a subcarrier with frequency equal to (f), the vector with sequence (n-1) generates a subcarrier with a frequency equal to (f ?f) and the vector with sequence (n+1) generates a subcarrier with a frequency equal to (f + ?f). The IFFT stage can simultaneously produce all the N-subcarriers for each OFDM symbol as it performs the conversion from the frequency domain to the time domain for N (QAM vectors) in one parallel operation for each OFDM symbol. The OFDM symbol signal in the time domain represents the algebraic summation of all subcarriers of that symbol. Now, it is obvious how the OFDM modulator divides the high rate bit stream into (N) lower rate bit streams which are simultaneously transmitted over (N times higher OFDM symbol duration) without reducing the actual bit rate. The Guard Interval Insertion stage appends a guard period at the beginning of each OFDM. The Guard Interval (GI) (also called the Cyclic Prefix (CP)) makes a separation between the consecutive OFDM symbols to contribute in the ISI reduction and to eliminate the Intercarrier Interference (ICI) between the subcarriers. The guard interval must be greater than the highest path difference duration. As a result, multipath signals with delay smaller than the GI cannot cause ICI [3]. The guard interval is generally equal to or less than the quarter symbol duration [4]. Practically, the guard interval is generated by taking an exact copy of the end part of the OFDM symbol and adding it to the beginning of the symbol. The guard interval (GI) can be used by the receiver to determine the beginning and end of each received OFDM symbol through the cross correlation operation. Now, the sequence of the OFDM symbol is converted into serial sequence. The Guard Interval Insertion and the Parallel to Serial (P/S) stages are shown as one stage in figure (2-6). The DSP LPF smoothes the information signal. The Digital to Analogue Convertor (DAC) converts the incoming digital sequence into analogue signal. Finally, the Up Conversion and Power Amplification stage mixes the information signal with a locally generated carrier and boosts the resulted signal to be transmitted. The input data bits to the OFDM modulator in figure (2-6) may be first scrambled for the security purposes, encoded for the Forward Error Correction (FEC) purposes and interleaved (to randomize the bursts of error [5]). Therefore, scrambler, encoder and interleaver blocks may precede the other stages to provide the OFDM modulator with scrambled, encoded and interleaved coded bits [6]. It is also possible to up convert the signal whilst it is still in the digital signal processing domain before converting it to the analogue form. The Carrier Recovery and the Down Converting stage recovers the information signal from the carrier signal. The Sample and Hold circuit and the Analogue to Digital Convertor (ADC) stage converts the information signal from the analogue form to produce the digital sequence for the DSP processing. The Guard Interval Removal and the Serial to Parallel (S/P) stage removes the cyclic prefix (CP) and produces all the useful samples of the current OFDM symbol being processed to the FFT stage simultaneously. The FFT stage converts the subcarriers of the OFDM symbol from the time domain to the frequency domain and produces them to the QAM De-mapper as vectors through the (P/S) buffer. One tap Equalizer can be used to equalize the vector constellation after the FFT stage. The Parallel to Serial (P/S) stage buffers the vectors of each OFDM symbol to produce them serially to the QAM De-mapper. The QAM De-mapper assigns each vector to the correspondent bit combination to produce the data bits. Figure (2-7) general block diagram of the OFDM demodulator. 2.4 The OFDM Demodulator The OFDM modulation operation is completely reversed in the demodulator. At first, the information signal must be recovered from the carrier. This is done by the carrier recovery and down converting stage. Figure (2-7) shows a general block diagram of the OFDM demodulator. The analogue to digital convertor (ADC) converts the information signal into a digital sequence. The guard interval removal stage removes the inserted guard interval or cyclic prefix from the beginning of each OFDM symbol. The OFDM demodulator could use the cyclic prefix at the beginning of each OFDM symbol to pinpoint the beginning and end of each symbol, as the cyclic prefix at the beginning of each OFDM symbol is identical to the end part of that symbol within a duration equal to the cyclic prefix duration. Now, the digital sequence of each OFDM symbol, which represents the algebraic summation of the subcarriers signals in the time domain, is simultaneously presented to the FFT stage to convert these subcarriers into their correspondent vectors in the frequency domain. The parallel presentation of the symbols digital sequence to the FFT stage involves the idea of serial to parallel conversion of this sequence. The subcarriers may also be equalized before being presented to the QAM de-mapper using a one tap equalizer. The QAM de-mapper assigns each vector in the frequency domain to the correspondent binary bit combination in accordance with the QAM constellation being used in the transmitter and receiver. The serial sequence of the received coded bits must be de-interleaved and then decoded and descrambled, if the scrambling, encoding and the interleaving are applied in the transmission side. The number of data bits per each OFDM symbol can be easily calculated by multiplying the number of subcarriers that are used to carry the data bits (Payload subcarriers) by the number of bits represented by the QAM vector in accordance with the QAM constellation table (2-1). The carrier recovery operation can also be done after the sample and hold stage within the digital signal processing unit. 2.5 Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) The DVB-T employs the OFDM due to its excellent performance in the multipath environments which are common in the terrestrial broadcasting, as the OFDM distributes a high bit stream over a high number of orthogonal subcarriers, each of which carries a low bit rate stream simultaneously, which makes the symbol duration much higher than the delay of the indirect paths [7]. The DVB-T has two modes 2K and 8K. As 2K and 8K modes have the same data rata, selecting which mode should be used depends on the requirements. The 2K mode has about 250 Â µ S symbol duration and 4 KHz spacing between its subcarriers, whereas the 8K mode has about 1 m S symbol duration and 1 KHz spacing between its subcarriers. These characteristics make the 8K mode with its higher symbol duration more resilient with multipath situations and channels with a high delay spread but the 2K mode resists better the shift in the frequency caused by Doppler effects due to the relative mobility between the transmitter and receiver, as it has higher frequency spacing between its subcarriers. The DVB-T has (FEC) similar to that of the DVB-S (Satellite) [8]. It has the following code rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8). Not all subcarriers are used as payload carriers to carry the coded bits (data bits + redundant bits); some subcarriers are used for channel estimation and correction. These subc arriers are the pilot carriers which have vectors lying on the I (In-phase) axis of the QAM constellation with angles equal to either 0 degrees or 180 degrees, hence they have only real components unlike the payload vectors which have real and imaginary components in order to recognize between them. The mapping of the pilot carriers to be delivered as vectors to the IFFT stage in the OFDM modulator is achieved through the BPSK modulation which uses the I (in-phase) axis of the constellation. Figure (2-8) shows the locations of DVB-T subcarriers on the 4-QAM constellation. The locations of the payload carriers The locations of the continual and scatter pilot carriers The locations of the TPS pilot carriers Figure (2-7) general block diagram of the OFDM demodulator. The DVB-T uses 4, 16 or 64 QAM to modulate the coded bits to be represented as payload subcarrier vectors, therefore each payload subcarrier can carry 2, 4 or 6 coded bits every OFDM symbol respectively. The DVB-T uses a guard interval length equal to (1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32) of the OFDM symbol duration [8]. 2.5.1 The DVB-T OFDM Subcarriers The DVB-T 2K mode has 2048 subcarriers, but it only uses 1705 subcarriers and sets the rest to zero. The 1705 carriers are numbered from 0 to 1704. It uses 1512 subcarriers as payload carriers and the remaining 193 subcarriers as pilot carriers. There are three types of the pilot carriers the continual pilots, scatter pilots and the (Transmission Parameter Signaling) (TPS) pilots. The continual pilots have fixed positions in the OFDM symbol spectrum. For example the sequences 0, 48, 969, 1683 and 1704 in the range (0 1704) are reserved as positions for the continual pilots. The continual pilots are used by the receiver to estimate the amount of phase rotation of the received QAM vectors. Every group of 12 subcarrier vectors has only one scatter pilot. The scatter pilots do not have fixed positions. Among each 12 carriers positions there is one variable position for one scatter pilot. The position of each scatter pilot regularly varies from symbol to symbol by jumping 3 positions for ward with respect to its position in the previous symbol. The scatter pilots are used to estimate the channel too. The TPS pilot carriers have fixed positions and are used by the transmitter to inform the receiver about the transmission parameters such as. The DVB-T mode (2K or 8K) Modulation type of the payload subcarrier vectors (4, 16, or 64) QAM FEC code rate (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 or 7/8) Length of the guard interval (1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32) Like the continual and scatter pilots, the TPS pilot carriers lie on the I (in-phase) axis. Each OFDM symbol in the 2K mode has 17 TPS pilot carriers with fixed positions. Within the same symbol all the 17 TPS pilots are either at 0 degrees or 180 degrees. The receiver determines the state of TPS pilots whether the TPS pilots of the received symbol are at 0 degrees or 180 degree based on the majority voting rule. Through the TPS pilots, the transmitter sends the receiver 67 information bits every OFDM frame. The OFDM frame consists of 68 OFDM symbols. The TPS pilots are Differential Bi-Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) modulated. That means the receiver considers receiving an information bit = (0), if the state of the TPS pilots change from the previous symbol to the current symbol and considers receiving an information bit = (1), if the phase or state of the TPS pilots does not change from the previous symbol to the current symbol. 68 OFDM symbols are required to transmit the 67 informatio n bits, as the first symbol is used to determine the initializing state of the TPS pilots. The 67 bits inform the receiver about the transmission parameters, for example: Bits 26 and 27 represent the QAM order (00=4, 01=16, 10=64) Bits 31, 32 and 33 represent the code rate (000=1/2, 001=2/3, 010=3/4, 011=5/6, 100=7/8) The DVB-T 8K mode has 6817 subcarrier per each OFDM symbol. The subcarriers of the 8K have the same principles and use of those of 2K with difference in their numbers only. Table (2 2) shows the different subcarriers of both 2K and 8K modes. The scatter pilot carriers have two different numbers of the subcarriers, as the scatter pilot carriers coincide with fixed locations of the continual pilot carriers due to their jumping [8]. 2.6 WLAN 802.11a Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 802.11a employ OFDM as a digital communication technique for reliable and high data rate transmission. Each OFDM symbol is expressed by 64 subcarriers, but the actual used subcarriers are (52) (64 52 =12 subcarriers are set to zero). There are 48 payload carriers to carry the coded bits (data and redundancy bits) and 4 pilot carriers. The frequency spacing between the subcarriers is (?f = 312.5 KHz). The required channel bandwidth can be calculated by multiplying the total number of subcarriers by the frequency spacing = 312.5 K * 64 = 20 MHz. To achieve the orthogonality between the subcarriers the OFDM symbol duration (?t) must be equal to the reciprocal of (?f) (?t = 1/ ?f), hence ?t = 1/312.5 KHz = 3.2 Â µs. 802.11a appends a guard interval (GI) equal of (1/4) the OFDM symbol duration at the beginning of each OFDM symbol (GI = 0.25 * 3.2 Â µs = 0.8 Â µs), therefore each OFDM symbol occupies (3.2 Â µs + 0.8 Â µs = 4 Â µs) time interval. That means a wireless device transmits 250,000 OFDM symbol per second. 802.11a allows wireless devices to have (8) transmission data rates or modes (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54) M bits/sec. 802.11a uses (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM) to modulate the payload carriers and uses (1/2, 2/3 or 3/4) code rate for the FEC in accordance with transmission data rate being used. The different (8) modes use different modulation types and different code rates as shown in table (2-3) [6]. 802.11a uses BPSK modulation to modulate the payload carries in modes 1 and 2 unlike the DVB-T which only uses QAM modulation to modulate the payload carriers. For each mode, the OFDM symbol has the same total duration (4 Â µs) (250,000 OFDM symbol/Sec) and the same channel bandwidth (20 MHz), as it has the same number of subcarriers (48 payload carriers and 4 pilot carriers). Looking back at table (2-3) (Mode (8) 54 Mbps), as the 64-QAM modulation is used to modulate the payload carriers, each payload carrier in the OFDM symbol carries (log2 (64) = 6 coded bits). Each OFDM symbol carries (48 payload carriers/OFDM symbol * 6 coded bits/payload carrier = 288 coded bits / OFDM symbol). The number of data bits per each OFDM symbol = 288 * (code rate = 3/4) = 216 data bits / OFDM symbol. There are 250,000 OFDM symbols / Sec, hence the data bit rate = 216 * 250,000 = 54 Mbps. Chapter Three The MATLAB Analyses for the Hardware Implementation Approaches 3.1 Introduction Throughout this chapter the ideas and approaches that will be used for the DSP hardware implementation of the OFDM modulator and demodulator on two separate DSP boards will be discussed and simulated by using the MATLAB. There are mainly three approaches. The use of the (Conjugate Symmetric) with the carrier vectors which are the inputs of the IFFT stage in the OFDM modulator to produce an OFDM information signal in the time domain with a real part only for easier modulation and demodulation, which is the proposal that has come out from this project. The use of the squared cosine to recover the OFDM information signal from the carrier signal in the receiver (the synchronization of the carrier frequency signal). The make use of the guard interval (GI) or the cyclic prefix (CP) for the synchronization of the OFDM symbol (i.e. The Symbol Clock Recovery) to allow the receiver to know the correct boundaries of each received OFDM symbol to set the FFT window at the correct positions of the received OFDM signal. 3.2 The Mathematical Analysis of a Multicarrier Signal To understand the idea of the (Conjugate Symmetric) and the role of the IFFT and FFT in the OFDM system, lets consider y(t) as a continuous multicarrier signal with a real part only in the time domain consisting of the algebraic summation of five sinusoidal waves or subcarriers which have the following frequencies (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) KHz and phase shifts (p4,,3p4, 5p4, 7p2, 9p4) respectively with equal amplitude = (28) for each. For our y(t), each two adjacent subcarriers (in the frequency domain) have 90 degrees phase shift. y(t) can be expressed in the time domain as in Eq. (3-1) It is not necessary for the five subcarriers forming y(t) to have the same magnitude. It is just to simplify this discussion. Now, if y(t) is sampled with sampling frequency (Fs). Fs must be greater than (2 * 5 KHz = 10 KHz), where 5 KHz is the highest frequency of y(t) according to the Nyquist-Shannon theorem. Nyquist-Shannon theorem stipulates that the sampling rate or frequency must be at least two times greater than the highest frequency of the sampled signal to avoid the aliasing which prevents providing the DSP system with a right copy of the sampled signal [9]. When a continuous signal in the time domain is sampled, a sample is taken at every (t = n * Ts). Ts is the sampling interval (Ts = 1 / Fs) and n is zero or positive integer number representing the sequence of the sample. y(t) is no longer continuous. Now, y(t) represents a sequence of discrete values. In Eq. (3-1), y(t) is replaced by y(n) in the left hand side and (t) is replaced by (n * Ts) or (n / Fs) in the right hand side as in Eq. (3-2). If Fs is set to 16 KHz (16 KHz > 10 KHz) and 16-point FFT operation is performed to y(n) to produce y(n)s spectrum in the frequency domain in order to study it. The 16 point FFT operation needs 16 discrete values or samples of y(n) for n = 0, 1, 2,13, 14, 15. The results of 16 point FFT operation are 16 complex vectors in the frequency domain. The 16 discrete values (samples) of y(n) are the inputs of the FFT in the time domain and the outputs are 16 complex vectors of Y(m) which represents y(n)s spectrum in the frequency domain. Table (3-1) lists the 16 discrete values of y(n) in the time domain and table (3-2) lists the 16 vectors

Power To change An Event In History Essay

Cold War precipitated fifty years of propaganda by two super powers, on-field battles while balancing barrels on others’ shoulders and huge amount of capital investment to manufacture weapons. An even in history that could have easily averted the Cold War was Stalin’s opportunistic rise to power on death of Lenin in 1924. Undoubtedly, a single event that I could change would be the ability to delay the death of Lenin.   Noted historians and Russian policy experts admit that Stalin was not Lenin’s choice. Lenin was aware that rude negotiation and ruthless intention were the qualities of Stalin’s personality. He would have definitely blocked Stalin’s rise to power. However, Stalin went on take advantage of the situation that arose from Lenin’s death. He easily sidelined Trotsky and other senior members of the communist party. In first few years of his rule, Stalin systematically got his adversaries assassinated. Through the policy of â€Å"collectivization† of farms, Stalin inflicted deep scars of famine on the Russian people. Medium and large farms were forcibly acquired by the state in order form huge collective farms this led to steep drop in agricultural output. Since, the ideals of Soviet Union prevented from any import or export, millions of people died because of starvation. Within few years of coming to power, Stalin acquired the status of a totalitarian. In 1945, George Orwell crafted a wonderful satire that depicted the greed and corruption as the driving motives behind a dictatorial regime. (Orwell, George, 1945) USA and other allies of World War 2 soon realized that Stalin has built a fear of his personality to control and intimidate other members of the Soviet Union. Perhaps the most gruesome of his policies were to imprison millions of Russians and use them in labor camps for construction of roads and dams. Because of his policies, USSR and USA got embroiled into issues like Korea War and Vietnam War. Even though Stalin died in 1956, his policies continued to haunt the world for decades. Had Lenin survived a few hours and passed the command to a more humane leader, the world would have been considerably more prosperous and secure for the next fifty years. Bibliography Orwell, George. â€Å"Animal Farm† London. 1945

Robert Rauschenbergs Combines

The Beliefs Of The Amish s Worldview - 1335 Words

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